C-Programming Objective Questions on Declarations and Initializations

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In computer programming, initialization is the assignment of an initial value for a data object or variable. The manner in which initialization is performed depends on programming language, as well as type, storage class, etc., of an object to be initialized. Programming constructs which perform initialization are typically called initializers and initializer lists. Initialization is distinct from (and preceded by) declaration, although the two can sometimes be conflated in practice.

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C-Programming Objective Questions on Control Instructions

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 To control the sequence of execution of various state-ments in a C program. 

 In computer science, control flow refers to the order in which the individual statements, instructions or function calls of an imperative or a declarative program are executed or evaluated.

 
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C-Programming Objective Questions on Expressions

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An expression in a programming language is a combination of explicit values, constants, variables, operators, and functions that are interpreted according to the particular rules of precedence and of association for a particular programming language, which computes and then produces (returns, in a stateful environment) another value. This process, like for mathematical expressions, is called evaluation. The value can be of various types, such as numerical, string, and logical.

For example, 2+3 is an arithmetic and programming expression which evaluates to 5. A variable is an expression because it denotes a value in memory, so y+6 is an expression. An example of a relational expression is 4≠4, which evaluates to false

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C-Programming Objective Questions on Floating Point Issues

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In computing, floating point describes a method of representing an approximation to real numbers in a way that can support a wide range of values. Numbers are, in general, represented approximately to a fixed number of significant digits and scaled using an exponent. The base for the scaling is normally 2, 10 or 16. The typical number that can be represented exactly is of the form:

Significant digits × base^exponent

The term floating point refers to the fact that the radix point (decimal point, or, more commonly in computers, binary point) can "float"; that is, it can be placed anywhere relative to the significant digits of the number. This position is indicated separately in the internal representation, and floating-point representation can thus be thought of as a computer realization of scientific notation

 

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C-Programming Objective Questions on Functions

What is function in C?

A function is a small set of instructions designed to operate on its given input (aka parameters or arguments) and perform some action or return some output. Generally in programming a commonly used strategy is to take a large program and break it into smaller chunks, which are turned into functions.

So say that you are writing a large program and constantly have to see which of two numbers is smaller, you could write a function:

int smaller(int a, int b)
{

if(a < b)

return a;

else

return b;

}

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C-Programming Objective Questions on C Preprocessor

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 The C preprocessor or cpp is the macro preprocessor for the C and C++ computer programming languages. The preprocessor provides the ability for the inclusion of header files, macro expansions, conditional compilation, and line control.
In many C implementations, it is a separate program invoked by the compiler as the first part of translation.
The language of preprocessor directives is agnostic to the grammar of C, so the C preprocessor can also be used independently to process other kinds of text files.

One of the most common uses of the preprocessor is to include another file:

#include <stdio.h>
 
int main(void)
{
    printf("Hello, world!\n");
    return 0;
}

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C-Programming Objective Questions on Pointers

 

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In computer science, a pointer is a programming language data type whose value refers directly to (or "points to") another value stored elsewhere in the computer memory using its address. For high-level programming languages, pointers effectively take the place of general purpose registers in low-level languages such as assembly language or machine code, but may be in available memory. A pointer references a location in memory, and obtaining the value at the location a pointer is known as dereferencing the pointer. A pointer is a simple, more concrete implementation of the more abstract reference data type. Several languages support some type of pointer, although some have more restrictions on their use than others. As an analogy, a page number in a book's index could be considered a pointer to the corresponding page, dereferencing such a pointer would be done by flipping to the page with the given page number.

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C-Programming Objective Questions on Arrays

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In computer science, an array data structure or simply an array is a data structure consisting of a collection of elements (values or variables), each identified by at least one array index or key. An array is stored so that the position of each element can be computed from its index tuple by a mathematical formula.
For example, an array of 10 integer variables, with indices 0 through 9, may be stored as 10 words at memory addresses 2000, 2004, 2008, … 2036, so that the element with index i has the address 2000 + 4 × i.

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C-Programming Objective Questions on Strings

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A string in C is merely an array of characters. The length of a string is determined by a terminating null character: '\0'. So, a string with the contents, say, "abc" has four characters: 'a', 'b', 'c', and the terminating null character.

The terminating null character has the value zero.

In C, string constants (literals) are surrounded by double quotes ("), e.g. "Hello world!" and are compiled to an array of the specified char values with an additional null terminating character (0-valued) code to mark the end of the string. The type of a string constant is char *.

String literals may not directly in the source code contain embedded newlines or other control characters, or some other characters of special meaning in string.

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C-Programming Objective Questions on Structures, Unions, Enums

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• A structure in C programming language is a structured (record) typethat aggregates a fixed set of labelled objects, possibly of different types, into a single object.

struct account {
   int account_number;
   char *first_name;
   char *last_name;
   float balance;
};

• In computer science, a union is a value that may have any of several representations or formats; or it is a data structure that consists of a variable which may hold such a value. 

union {
      int d;
      char f;
   }; 

•  In computer programming, an enumerated type (also called enumeration or enum, or factor in the R programming language, and a categorical variable in statistics) is a data type consisting of a set of named values called elements, members or enumerators of the type. 

For example, the four suits in a deck of playing cards may be four enumerators named CLUB, DIAMOND, HEART, SPADE, belonging to an enumerated type named suit.  

    suit: (clubs, diamonds, hearts, spades);

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C-Programming Objective Questions on Input / Output

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In computing, input/output or I/O is the communication between an information processing system (such as a computer) and the outside world, possibly a human or another information processing system. Inputs are the signals or data received by the system, and outputs are the signals or data sent from it. The term can also be used as part of an action; to "perform I/O" is to perform an input or output operation. I/O devices are used by a person (or other system) to communicate with a computer. For instance, a keyboard or a mouse may be an input device for a computer, while monitors and printers are considered output devices for a computer. Devices for communication between computers, such as modems and network cards, typically serve for both input and output.

ex: fputs,scanf,printf,fprint

 
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C-Programming Objective Questions on Command Line Arguments

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In environments that support C, there is a way to pass command-line arguments or parameters to a program when it begins executing. When main is called, it is called with two arguments. The first (conventionally called argc, for argument count) is the number of command-line arguments the program was invoked with; the second (argv, for argument vector) is a pointer to an array of character strings that contain the arguments, one per string. 

The simplest illustration is the program echo, which echoes its command-line arguments on a single line, separated by blanks. That is, the command

   echo hello, world

prints the output

   hello, world

By convention, argv[0] is the name by which the program was invoked, so argc is at least 1. If argc is 1, there are no command-line arguments after the program name. In the example above, argc is 3, and argv[0], argv[1], and argv[2] are "echo", "hello,", and "world" respectively. The first optional argument is argv[1] and the last is argv[argc-1]; additionally, the standard requires that argv[argc] be a null pointer.

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C-Programming Objective Questions on Bitwise Operators

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A bitwise operation operates on one or more bit patterns or binary numerals at the level of their individual bits. It is a fast, primitive action directly supported by the processor, and is used to manipulate values for comparisons and calculations. On simple low-cost processors, typically, bitwise operations are substantially faster than division, several times faster than multiplication, and sometimes significantly faster than addition. While modern processors usually perform addition and multiplication just as fast as bitwise operations due to their longer instruction pipelines and other architectural design choices, bitwise operations do commonly use less power/performance because of the reduced use of resources.

Operators:

NOT, AND, OR, XOR, Arithmetic shift, Logical shift, Rotate no carry, Rotate through carry

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C-Programming Objective Questions on Typedef

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typedef is a keyword in the C and C++ programming languages. The purpose of typedef is to assign alternative names to existing types,most often those whose standard declaration is cumbersome, potentially confusing, or likely to vary from one implementation to another.

Under C convention (such as in the C standard library), types declared with typedef end with '_t'

 e.g: size_t, time_t

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C-Programming Objective Questions on Constant

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The const keyword is used to create a read only variable. Once initialised, the value of the variable cannot be changed but can be used just like any other variable.  

ex: 

•  main() 

 { 

const float pi = 3.14;

 }

• const int   degrees = 360; 
          const float pi      = 3.14; 
          const char  quit    = 'q'; 

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C-Programming Objective Questions on Memory Allocation

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The GNU system provides several methods for allocating memory space under explicit program control. They vary in generality and in efficiency.

• The malloc facility allows fully general dynamic allocation. See section Unconstrained Allocation.
• Obstacks are another facility, less general than malloc but more efficient and convenient for stacklike allocation.
  
• The function alloca lets you allocate storage dynamically that will be freed automatically

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C-Programming Objective Questions on Variable Number of Arguments

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Whenever a function is declared to have an indeterminate number of arguments, in place of the last argument you should place an ellipsis (which looks like '...'), so, int a_function ( int x, ... ); would tell the compiler the function should accept however many arguments that the programmer uses, as long as it is equal to at least one, the one being the first, x. 

ex:

• va_list a_list; 

• int a_function ( int x, ... )
  {
      va_list a_list;
      va_start( a_list, x );
  } 

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C-Programming Objective Questions on Complicated Declarations

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What is a complicated declaration???

Most of the times declarations are simple to read, but it is hard to read some declarations which involve pointer to functions. For example, consider the following declaration from “signal.h”.

ex:void (*card_suit(int, void (*)(int)))(int);

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